WHOI : Oceanus : =91Seasonal Pump=92 Moves Water = Between Ocean and Aquifers : Printer friendly version

From: Subject: =?Windows-1252?Q?WHOI_:_Oceanus_:_=91Seasonal_Pump=92_Moves_Water_Between?= =?Windows-1252?Q?_Ocean_and_Aquifers_:_Printer_friendly_version?= Date: Tue, 15 Sep 2009 16:03:15 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CA361E.08C334D0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5512 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CA361E.08C334D0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/printArticle.do?id=8267 WHOI : Oceanus : =91Seasonal Pump=92 Moves Water = Between Ocean and Aquifers : Printer friendly version

The=20 Online Magazine of Research from
Woods Hole Oceanographic=20 Institution

=20

Print this=20 Article

=91Seasonal Pump=92 Moves Water = Between Ocean and=20 Aquifers
Seawater is drawn underground in winter and = flows into=20 ocean in summer

Knee-deep in water, WHOI hydrologist Ann Mulligan was = working in=20 Waquoit Bay on Cape Cod, investigating fresh groundwater flowing = into the=20 coastal ocean. Across the beach, she spied Holly Michael and = Charles=20 Harvey of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who were = examining=20 salty and brackish water flowing underground. Thus began a = collaboration=20 that has cleared up a mystery of why so much salty water emerges = from=20 aquifers into the coastal ocean.

The researchers = discovered=20 a counterintuitive seasonal pumping system at work: Groundwater = mostly=20 flows out to sea in mid-summer, when conditions in Massachusetts = are=20 driest and underground water supplies would seem to be at their = lowest=20 level. Conversely, great volumes of salt water are drawn landward = from the=20 ocean in winter to fill aquifers, which you would think would be = filled by=20 winter rain and snow percolating downward.

The findings = were=20 published in the Aug. 25 issue of the journal Nature. =

Scientists have known for some time that the groundwater = discharging=20 into the ocean from aquifers can be salty, fresh, or a brackish = mixture of=20 the two. But how does salt water get into the fresh aquifers? = Scientists=20 know that seawater seeps inland=97via tidal action, waves lapping = on the=20 beach, and other forces. But none of those processes moves enough = ocean=20 water inland to account for all of the salty water flowing=20 outward.

Michael, Mulligan, and Harvey measured the flow of water in = Waquoit=20 Bay=92s subterranean mixing bowl. They used seepage meters to = measure the=20 rate of groundwater flow into the bay during summer, and = piezometers=20 (which measure pressure) to determine the flow during winter when = the=20 surface was frozen. The measurements indicate that groundwater = flows into=20 the bay during summer, and bay water flows into the aquifer during = winter.

The team used mathematical models to show = that it can=20 take several months until winter rain and snow can seep down = through the=20 layers of soil, sand, and rock. As a result, seawater is drawn = into=20 aquifers during winter until fresh water arrives. As fresh water = reaches=20 the aquifers in spring and summer, the water table slowly rises = and=20 reaches a threshold where momentum tips and forces water=97now = fresh and salty=97to flow back = toward the=20 sea.

Mulligan notes that the inflowing seawater can acquire a = lot of=20 dissolved nutrients, contaminants, and trace elements from the = ground.=20 When it flows back out in summer, it may carry a substantial = amount of=20 those nutrients into coastal waters=97at just the time of year to = feed=20 blooms of marine plants. Environmental experts know that nutrients = running=20 off land surfaces and through fresh groundwater contribute to = algae blooms=20 and to eutrophication=97the deadening of coastal waters by = overgrowth of=20 plants that deplete oxygen. The new research points to salty = underground=20 waters as another potentially significant nutrient-loading=20 source.

Mulligan and Harvey plan additional = fieldwork=20 in Waquoit Bay and hope to extend their studies to Florida to see = if this=20 natural, seasonal pumping system also occurs there. Mulligan and = WHOI=20 Engineering Assistant Alan Gardner also received a grant from the = WHOI=20 Coastal Ocean Institute to create a differential pressure logger, = a new=20 tool for detecting which way water flows between aquifers and = ocean=20 surface water. With that information, Mulligan can test the theory = that=20 seasonal pumping of nutrients from underground sources is playing = a role=20 in coastal eutrophication.

=97 Mike = Carlowicz

The National Science Foundation and the WHOI Coastal = Ocean=20 Institute funded this research.

Posted: November 10, 2005

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PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; PADDING-LEFT: 15px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 11px; BACKGROUND: #142156; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 0px solid; COLOR: #dfe8f3; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 3px; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #tabnav A:visited { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; PADDING-LEFT: 15px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 11px; BACKGROUND: #142156; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 0px solid; COLOR: #dfe8f3; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 3px; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #tabnav A.active:link { BORDER-TOP: #142156 0px solid; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; COLOR: #6e3d03 } #tabnav A.active:visited { BORDER-TOP: #142156 0px solid; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; COLOR: #6e3d03 } #tabnav A:hover { BACKGROUND: #dfe8f3; COLOR: #6e3d03 } #tabnav2 { PADDING-LEFT: 9px; MARGIN: 0px } #tabnav2 UL { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #tabnav2 LI { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #tabnav2 A:link { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; PADDING-LEFT: 15px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 11px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; COLOR: #142156; MARGIN-RIGHT: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 2px; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #tabnav2 A:visited { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; PADDING-LEFT: 15px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 11px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; COLOR: #142156; MARGIN-RIGHT: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 2px; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #tabnav2 A.active:link { COLOR: #6e3d03 } #tabnav2 A.active:visited { COLOR: #6e3d03 } #tabnav2 A:hover { COLOR: #6e3d03 } #navbar { BORDER-BOTTOM: #666 1px dashed; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dedfd9 } #navbar TD { PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 85%; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 3px; COLOR: #333333; PADDING-TOP: 3px } #navbar TD.left { PADDING-LEFT: 18px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } .navDiv { FONT-SIZE: 12px; COLOR: #999999; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .navDiv P { MARGIN-TOP: 6px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px } .navDiv H1 { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 16px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .navDiv H2 { MARGIN-TOP: 24px; FONT-SIZE: 16px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } P.navButtsHead { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666666 1px solid; = MARGIN-TOP: 6px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; = FONT-SIZE: 12px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: = #666666 1px solid; COLOR: #142156; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #666666 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } P.navButts { MARGIN-TOP: 6px; FONT-SIZE: 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4px; COLOR: #afc4e0; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .navButts A { BORDER-RIGHT: #dfe8f3 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #dfe8f3 1px solid; = DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: = #dfe8f3 1px solid; COLOR: #142156; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #dfe8f3 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #afcde0; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .navButts A:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666666 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; COLOR: #142156; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 = 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } P.navSubs { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; = COLOR: #142156; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } P.navSubson { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 14px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; = FONT-SIZE: 11px; BACKGROUND: url(../images/dash_on.gif) no-repeat 0.2em = 50%; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; COLOR: #6e3d03; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .navSubs A { DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 14px; BACKGROUND: = url(../images/arrow.gif) no-repeat 0.2em 50%; COLOR: #142156; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } .navSubs A:hover { COLOR: #6e3d03; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } P.navSubs2 { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; = COLOR: #142156; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } P.navSubs2on { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 24px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; COLOR: #6e3d03; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .navSubs2 A { DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 24px; WIDTH: 100%; COLOR: #142156; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .navSubs2 A:hover { COLOR: #6e3d03; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } P.navSubs3 { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; = COLOR: #142156; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } P.navSubs3on { MARGIN-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 34px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; COLOR: #6e3d03; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .navSubs3 A { PADDING-LEFT: 34px; COLOR: #142156; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .navSubs3 A:hover { COLOR: #6e3d03; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } P.navViz { MARGIN-TOP: 6px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: = 6px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; COLOR: #142156; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .navViz A { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666666 1px solid; = DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: = #666666 1px solid; COLOR: #142156; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #666666 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ebf5f5; TEXT-DECORATION: none } P.copyrights { FONT-SIZE: 11px; MARGIN: 8px 0px 0px; COLOR: #666666; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: = #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .copyrights A { COLOR: #c1ddec } .copyrights A:hover { COLOR: #6e3d03 } P.footer { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #cccccc 1px dotted; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; = FONT-SIZE: 11px; VISIBILITY: visible; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 6px = 0px 25px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; WIDTH: 100%; COLOR: #999999; BOTTOM: = 10px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: = none; POSITION: relative; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none } IMG { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: block; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } FORM { BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 0px dotted; PADDING-RIGHT: 12px; BORDER-TOP: = #cccccc 0px dotted; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 12px; BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 0px dotted; = MARGIN-RIGHT: 36px; PADDING-TOP: 12px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 0px = dotted; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } INPUT { BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #999999 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f4f4f4 } INPUT:unknown { BACKGROUND: #ffffff } TEXTAREA { BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px solid; = FONT-SIZE: 12px; BORDER-LEFT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #999999 = 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #fae4a5 } .checks { BORDER-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: 1px; BORDER-LEFT: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = 1px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .formBut { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cccccc } .imgfloatright { FLOAT: right } .imgfloatleft { PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; FLOAT: left } .topnav { FONT: bold 11px/13px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-TRANSFORM: = none; COLOR: #ffffff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .tools { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #6e3d03; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .tools A { COLOR: #6e3d03 } .tools A:hover { COLOR: #333333; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .bar-head { PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BACKGROUND-POSITION: left bottom; PADDING-LEFT: = 2px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../images/bar.gif); = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: capitalize; COLOR: #ffffff; = TEXT-INDENT: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 2px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; = FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; = TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .enlarge { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #3c5478; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; = WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .caption { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #666666; LINE-HEIGHT: 14px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; = TEXT-ALIGN: left } P.caption { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 6px; COLOR: #666666; LINE-HEIGHT: 14px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .caption A:hover { COLOR: #6e3d03 } P.caption A:hover { COLOR: #6e3d03 } .border { BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; BORDER-TOP: = #999999 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; BORDER-LEFT: = #999999 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 8px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #999999 1px solid } .heading { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 16px; COLOR: #142156; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } .subtitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .headline H1 { MARGIN-TOP: -0.1em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 17px; COLOR: #142156; = LINE-HEIGHT: 22px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } .headline H2 { MARGIN-TOP: -1em; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 1em; FONT: bold 12px/14px Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; COLOR: #476388 } .name-aff { MARGIN-TOP: -1em; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: = 1em; COLOR: #333333; LINE-HEIGHT: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .subhead { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #476388; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } #thumbsBox { MARGIN: 0px; WIDTH: 470px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse } #thumbsBox TD { BORDER-RIGHT: #aec2b3 0px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px; BORDER-TOP: = #aec2b3 0px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; BORDER-LEFT: = #aec2b3 0px solid; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #aec2b3 0px solid; = TEXT-ALIGN: center } #thumbsBox TD IMG { BORDER-RIGHT: #000 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #000 1px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: = #000 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000 1px solid } #imageBox { MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse } #imageBox TD { BORDER-RIGHT: #aec2b3 0px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px; BORDER-TOP: = #aec2b3 0px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; BORDER-LEFT: = #aec2b3 0px solid; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #aec2b3 0px solid; = TEXT-ALIGN: left } #imageBox .titlebar { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e9f4ec } #imageBox TD IMG { BORDER-RIGHT: #000 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #000 1px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 5px; = BORDER-LEFT: #000 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000 1px = solid } #imageBox .title { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #2d326d } #imageBox .caption { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11px } #tabnav { PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 3px; HEIGHT: 18px } #tabnav UL { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #tabnav LI { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #tabnav A:link { BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 9px; BORDER-TOP: = #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 9px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; BACKGROUND: #142156; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; COLOR: #ffffff; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 3px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px solid; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } #tabnav A:visited { BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 9px; BORDER-TOP: = #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 9px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; BACKGROUND: #142156; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; COLOR: #ffffff; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 3px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px solid; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } #tabnav A.active:link { BORDER-TOP: #165e82 0px solid; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; COLOR: #996633 } #tabnav A.active:visited { BORDER-TOP: #165e82 0px solid; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; COLOR: #996633 } #tabnav A:hover { BACKGROUND: #476388; COLOR: #ffffff } IMG.border { BORDER-RIGHT: #000 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #000 1px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: = #000 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000 1px solid } .slideshow { BORDER-RIGHT: #ccc 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: #ccc 1px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 30px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; = BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; WIDTH: 356px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #ccc 1px solid } .slideshow_caption { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11px; COLOR: #666; LINE-HEIGHT: 100%; = TEXT-ALIGN: left } .research-image { DISPLAY: none } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CA361E.08C334D0--